Weekend

Cuti hari ahad bersama anak2... Gembira budak2 bila dpt main kat playground

Lahad Datu

Today, this place is popular. Popular because the incident happened at this place. Of not nobody bother about this place. I am not happy to say, see and hear about what has happened and going to happened to my Malaysian army and police. Too bad they gone through all this unexpected senario in this millenium century. What do you say if your own brother or relatives are army or police ? People love to say things without consider others feeling. As human should these people (who cannot understand other people feeling) be call HuMAN ???

HUMAN CLONING UNETHICAL

1.0 Introduction

The use of somatic cell nuclear transfer for human cloning has not been proven safe and thus is unethical, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine says. Since the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1997, somatic cell nuclear transfer has been used to clone mice, cows, and other animals, and observers say that human cloning may not be far behind. (Sally Peters) "Any physician who participated in human cloning at this time would be doing human experimentation without the necessary first steps of successful trials in animals and approval from the appropriate institutional review board. This would be both unethical and unprofessional," Dr. Michael Soules, the society's president, said in a statement. The society added that its stance does not preclude research into the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer for treating disease.

2.0 Scientists, ethicists predict human clones just a matter of time

Cloning humans hasn't happened yet, but the idea of it is in the air. Most scientists and ethicists agree that it's just a matter of time.
Lee M. Silver, biologist at Princeton University and author of Remaking Eden, predicts that the first Cloned human will quietly make its way into the population, sneaking in when no one is looking.

(National Catholic Reporter)"Those who want to clone themselves or their children will not be impeded by governmental laws or regulations," he wrote. "The marketplace -- not government or society -- will control cloning. And if cloning is banned in one place, it will be made available somewhere else." Cloning, more than any other scientific procedure in biotechnology, raises the specter of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.

Some scientists, ethicists and theologians, though, willing to entertain cloning's potential, if limited, usefulness, suggest that it might serve to produce children for infertile couples or for couples who wanted to replace a lost child with her genetic twin. Cloning a person night, theoretically, also provide a compatible source of bone marrow or organs to help a sick sibling.

3.0 Human cloning is expected to benefit mankind

(Current Science)Supporters of human cloning say it could further the moral mission of medicine easing pain and prolonging life. What better example of that mission could there be than relieving the suffering of a family whose child's life wax cut short? and also say human cloning would expand the boundaries of reproductive choice. It would give infertile couples those who are physically unable to reproduce another way to have children.

With cloning, infertile couples could have children.( Simon Smith) Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. One estimate is that current infertility treatments are less than 10 percent successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible.

Even if it were possible to make healthy human clones, opponents say, human cloning would still be immoral because of the distress it would inflict on clones and their families. Parents of a clone would expect the clone to look and behave just like its predecessor. Such an expectation would inevitably lead to disappointment and heartbreak. The parents would be unhappy with the way the clone turned out, and the clone would be unhappy trying to meet its parents' unrealistic expectations.

4.0 International agreement to ban human cloning

Officials from 19 European nations on January 12 signed an agreement banning human cloning. (Christian Century )"At a time when occasional voices are being raised to assert the acceptability of human cloning and even to put it more rapidly into practice, it is important for Europe to solemnly declare its determination to defend human dignity against the abuse of scientific techniques," said Daniel Tarchys, secretary general of the Council of Europe, which drew up the agreement.

The Council of Europe accord bars "any intervention seeking to create a human being genetically identical to another human being, whether living or dead." It rules out any exception to the ban, even in the case of sterile couples. Seed has said he believes his project will be able to help such couples by creating babies for them. The Council of Europe agreement will become part of the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine.

5.0 Cloning may cause health defects

(Judy Jones)Cloning may cause long term health defects, a study by French scientists has suggested. A two month old calf, cloned from genes taken from the ear of an adult cow, died after developing blood and heart problems.

The cloning process seemed to have interfered with the normal genetic functioning of the developing calf, according to the researchers whose findings are reported in the Lancet (1999;353:1489-91).

It is likely to cast fresh doubts over the safety and efficacy of cloning, which has so far been controversial largely for its ethical dimension. The study could lend weight to warnings that any attempt to clone humans might carry considerable health risks.


6.0 Conclusion

Until recently, there were few ethical, social, or legal discussions about human cloning via nuclear transplantation, since the scientific consensus was that such a procedure was not biologically possible.

With the appearance of Dolly, the situation has changed. But although it now seems more likely that human cloning will become feasible, we may doubt that the practice will come into widespread use.

AIR POLUTION

Introduction – Air Pollution

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 12 of the 15 cities with the highest levels of particulate matter and 6 of the 15 with the highest levels of sulphur dioxide are in Asia. In many countries in the region, the ambient concentration levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sulphur dioxide exceed WHO standards and premature mortality and respiratory disease caused by poor air quality have been documented in 16 large metropolitan centres in the region (see table below). Exposure to harmful airborne particles is high or very high in some countries, for example China and Mongolia.

Air quality is improving in South Korea and some parts of the region but is still significantly below the WHO standard. Among different environmental pollution problems, air pollution is reported to cause the greatest damage to health and loss of welfare from environmental causes in Asian countries (Hughes 1997). The air pollution problem is expected to become worse over the coming years if no action is undertaken to improve the situation.

Rapid industrial expansion, rising energy consumption and deforestation have been exerting enormous pressure on the earth’s atmosphere. In Asia, the problem of air pollution has been especially acute in urban areas, giving rise to the threat of acid rain. New studies have shown the correlation between the adverse effects of air pollution on the earth’s ozone layer and global climate change.

Air pollution is principally generated by the combustion of fossil fuels in the energy, industrial and transportation sectors. The major causes of increased emission of pollutants in urban areas include the use of poor quality fuel, inefficient methods of energy production and use, traffic congestion and badly maintained motor vehicles. The major pollutants include sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), lead, carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone.

Rapid urbanization, with the associated growth in industry and transportation systems, has increased regional concerns with regard to emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. According to one recent estimate, at the current growth rate of energy consumption, by the year 2000 sulphur dioxide emissions will surpass the emissions of North America and Europe combined. The primary man-made source of sulphur and nitrogen in the Asia-Pacific region is fossil fuel combustion in the energy, industry and transportation sectors.

The quality of air has deteriorated in virtually every Asian city except for those in the Republic of Korea. SPM levels in these cities exceed WHO guidelines. The worst affected are the megacities of the region, with a population of more than 10 million people.

The Asian region has also seen an alarming increase in indoor air pollution which occurs due to the use of biomass fuel like wood and animal residue for cooking and heating. The emitted smoke contains, in addition to the already listed pollutants, a number of hazardous aldehydes such as formaldehyde. The pollutants that are generated combine with atmospheric water vapour to form weak sulphuric and nitric acid solutions that, on precipitation, corrode the surfaces they fall on. This phenomenon is popularly known as ‘acid rain’. An example of this
2 is the damage caused to the historic Taj Mahal in India by the local foundries, which used to burn fuel. Similarly, in China, acid rain has damaged metal structures and concrete works in cities of Chongging and Guiyan where SO2 emissions are high.

Acid rain

Acid rain emerged as a concern in the 1960s with observations of dying lakes and forest damage in northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. It was one of the first environmental issues to demonstrate a large-scale regional scope, with the chief pollutants oxides of sulfur (SOx) and nitrogen (NOx) from combustion of fossil fuels able to be carried hundreds of miles by winds before being washed out of the atmosphere in rain, fog, and snow.

Acid rain is now emerging as a major problem in the developing world, especially in parts of Asia and the Pacific region where energy use has surged and the use of sulfurcontaining coal and oil -- the primary sources of acid emissions is very high. An estimated 34 million metric tons of SO2 were emitted in Asia in 1990. Economic expansion and continued reliance on coal as a primary fuel is likely to increase acid rain in Asia in the next two decades. By 2000, SO2 emissions in Asia will be greater than those of North America and Europe combined, according to recent World Bank projections, and emissions will continue growing rapidly, unless there are substantial investments in pollution control equipment. By 2020, Asian SO2 emissions could reach 110 million metric tonnes if no action is taken beyond current levels of control.

As a result, damage to natural ecosystems and crops are likely to increase dramatically. Large regions of southern and eastern China, northern and central Thailand, and much of the Korean peninsula could experience damaging sulfur deposition levels. In some industrialized areas of China, for example, acid deposition levels may some day exceed those experienced in Central Europe's "Black Triangle," a large swathe of Poland, the Czech Republic, and southeast Germany where both acid rain levels and forest damage were acute in the 1980s

Ozone Depletion:

The earth has a ozone layer 12-50 km above its surface which forms a protective shield against the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun. it has now been proved that this ozone layer is eaten away by a class of air pollutants called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These chemicals are used in a variety of industrial applications and in domestic appliances like air conditioners and refrigerators. They are also used as solvents in the manufacture of electronic items, as a propellant in aerosol sprays and as a component in plastic products and foams.

Asia uses an estimated 100,000 tonnes of CFCs each year. Japan is the world’s second largest producer and consumer, followed by China, India, Indonesia, Korea and Thailand. An ozone hole in the earth’s atmosphere was first discovered in the 1980s; the ozone hole in 1991 has been the largest on record so far. Jakarta, Indonesia; Kathmandu, Nepal; Metro Manila, Philippines; and Colombo, Sri Lanka. The URBAIR studies are based on readily available data and reports along with input from workshops and missions conducted in 1993-94 by local consultants and experts from the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) and the Netherlands' Institute for Environmental Studies (IES). This effort resulted in this action plan for air pollution abatement.

Ozone depletion has caused increases in the rates of skin cancer, eye cataracts and weakening of immune systems. It has also caused damage to crops, reductions in plankton in the ocean and has contributed to an increase in air pollution. The immune depressing effects have been predicted to be most severe in Himalayan regions like Nepal, Bhutan, Northern India and the Tibetan plateau.

Right to Clean Air Campaign

The Centre for Science & Environment (CSE) in New Delhi blew the lid on smog in 1996 with its study titled Slow Murder: The Deadly Story of Vehicular Pollution in India. It found the problem was a combination of outdated engine technology, poor fuel quality, poor transportation planning and bad maintenance of vehicles. To help citizens see through the smokescreen of pollution and protect public health, CSE launched the Right To Clean Air Campaign that year. Since then CSE has been consistently campaigning to improve air quality planning and raise public awareness about risks to public health.

In an effort to reduce air pollution in Beijing, the municipal government is ordering city vehicles to convert to liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas. At the regional level, China, Japan, and South Korea have agreed to launch a 5- year project to control trans boundary air pollutants (Source: US Energy India's high concentration of pollution is due more to enforcement issues at the local level rather than a lack of effort in building a sound environmental legal regime. Regulatory reforms aimed at improving the air pollution problem have been quite difficult to implement. For example, India's Supreme Court recently lifted a ruling that it imposed 2 years ago requiring all public transport vehicles in New Delhi to switch to compressed natural gas (CNG) engines by April 1, 2001. This ruling had created "commuter chaos" due to the disappearance of thousands of taxis and buses, resulting in massive public protests.

It is estimated that the region emitted approximately 38 million tons of sulphur dioxide in 1990. Five countries (China, India, South Korea, Japan and Thailand) accounted for over 91 per cent of regional sulphur dioxide emission, with coal use being the dominant cause (81 per cent) of the region's total sulphur dioxide emission. Among the economic sectors, industry contributed the largest share (49 per cent) to the total emission, followed by the power sector (30 per cent) (Shrestha and others 1996). It is projected that the total sulphur dioxide emission in the region will reach 110 million tons by 2020 (Downing and others 1997).

Across a large part of Asia, the problem of acid deposition is becoming increasingly evident. Rainfall in some countries, including China, Japan and Thailand, has been measured to be ten times more acidic than unpolluted rain (Downing and others 1997). Large sections of southern and eastern China, northern and eastern India, the Korean peninsula, and northern and central Thailand are projected to receive high levels of acid deposition by the year 2020 (Downing and others 1997).

Policy options to reduce emissions of air pollutants include utilising clean technologies, fuel switching, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting non-motorised and public transport. In this study, the environmental impacts of selected alternative policy packages are analysed using the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model.

Energy saving technologies are assumed in this scenario. Low plant efficiency and high system losses are chronic problems in Asian developing countries. It has been estimated that older power plants in many developing countries consume between 18 and 44 per cent more fuel per kilowatt hour of electricity produced than plants in industrialized countries (Pearson and Fouqett 1996). The thermal efficiency of coal-fired power plants in China is about 29 per cent and below 30 per cent in India (TERI 1997 and CEA 1997), compared with 39 per cent in the case of OECD countries taken as a whole.

Finally, the business-as-usual scenario (frozen clean technology) assumes that pollution reduction and control technologies are fixed at 1990 levels and that technology existing in OECD countries is not transferred or introduced to developing countries. Thus, no emission mitigation from clean technology is envisaged, nor are any special legislative measures to encourage new clean technologies.

Diffusion of Cleaner Technologies

Two cases are considered under this policy package: the income-dependent introduction of clean technology (Clean Case 1) and the accelerated introduction of clean technology (Clean Case 2). Under Clean Case 1 it is assumed that clean technologies will be introduced when a suitable income level is reached, and special legislation supporting the introduction of such technologies is passed. A threshold income level of US$3 500 for developing countries is used in sulphur dioxide reduction cases. Once per capita income reaches this level, clean technologies are assumed to be introduced resulting in an increasing emission reduction rate. Under Clean Case 2 (the accelerated introduction of clean technology) it is assumed that emission control technologies are introduced in 2005.

Air pollutant emissions under each of these cases are estimated; it is assumed that emission control technologies for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are introduced according to environmental Kuznetz curves. The clean technologies considered are presented in the table at right. The final estimated emission reduction rate (the maximum emission reduction rate compared to 1990 levels) achieved for sulphur dioxide emissions is 50 per cent for the residential and commercial sectors, 75 per cent for the industrial and transport sectors, and 95 per cent for the electricity sector. The final estimated emission reduction rate for nitrogen oxides is 50 per cent for the residential, commercial and transport sectors, and 80 per cent for the industrial and electricity sectors.

The starting year and the period when the final reduction rate is achieved are assumed to be different by sub-region. Reduction periods are assumed to be 50 years for OECD countries, 40 years for Russia, and 30 years for other non-OECD countries. The starting year is assumed to depend on the level of GDP per capita - US$10 000 for OECD countries, US$4 000 for Russia and US$3 500 for other non-OECD countries. The introduction of new clean technologies is assumed to be a function of increased income levels facilitating the political implementation of legislation.

Scenario 3: Promotion of Non-Motorised and Public/Mass Transport

It is assumed that energy efficiency in the transport sector will be increased by 30 per cent with the increase of public/mass transport by the year 2030. Two cases are considered under this policy package: transportation efficiency improvement with fixed technology (Transport Case 1), and transportation efficiency improvement with accelerated clean technologies (Transport Case 2). Emissions of air pollutants under each of these cases are estimated.

To estimate of the effectiveness of the policy package on emission levels two cases were compared. Under Transport Case 1, the energy demand of the transportation sector is reduced because of a shift to public/mass transport. This will affect emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides even with pollution control technologies at 1990 levels. Under Transport Case 2, the energy demand of the transportation sector is reduced (Transport Case 1) and pollution control technologies for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are introduced from 2005.

There are a number of possible options available to the transport sector for improving efficiency. They include replacing existing vehicles and technologies with efficient ones, investing in public transport, fuel switching, phasing out leaded gasoline, and adopting strict emission standards for vehicles.

The reduction of emissions of particulates and hydrocarbons could be achieved through replacing existing 2-stroke motorcycles with 4-stroke ones (Hughes 1997). In many countries in the region, the population of motorcycles is very high. On average, a motorcycle with a 4-stroke engine consumes 30 per cent less than one with a 2-stroke engine. The emission of particulate matter from a 2-stroke engine motorcycle is 1.0 gram per passenger kilometre whereas it is 0.2 grams per passenger kilometre for a 4-stroke one.

Another available option involves fuel switching from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG). Fuel switching requires changes in engine technology. CNG appears to be a good substitute for diesel in the transport sector (TERI 1997). CNG is available in many Asian countries, (e.g., Malaysia, Indonesia and India). It can be used in buses with conversion kits. The per unit output cost of a CNG bus is not much different from that of a diesel bus, but using CNG could significantly reduce pollutant emissions. CNG is most suited for vehicles with high mileages and a restricted range of operations, such as buses and taxis. Urban areas are the natural choice for CNG operations (TERI 1997).

In terms of reducing lead pollution in the atmosphere, an option is to use unleaded gasoline instead of leaded. New vehicles with catalytic converters installed should be used and current fleets should be phased out in Asian cities over the next 15 years (Hughes 1997).

Finally, a highly effective option is to increase investment in public transport systems. Personal transport is highly energy intensive. Shifting transport modes from personal to public could save significant quantities of energy and reduce pollution levels (Kenworthy and others 1996). It can be seen that in a city where public transport is highly developed, private car ownership (represented by the number of cars per 1 000 people) is relatively low compared with cities where there is no substantial public transport system. For example, Singapore, Hong Kong and Tokyo have developed effective integrated transit systems which provide an alternative to personal vehicle use. There are 45 and 106 cars per 1 000 people in Hong Kong and Singapore respectively as compared to 153 and 184 in Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur respectively (Kenworthy and others 1996).

Scenario 4: Fuel Switching

Two cases are analysed under this package: fuel switching with fixed clean technology (Fuel Case 1) and fuel switching with accelerated clean technology (Fuel Case 2). Under Fuel Case 1, the cost of coal is increased by the introduction of a carbon tax and the effects of fuel switching caused by these changes in the price of energy are examined assuming that no special emission control technologies are introduced. Under Fuel Case 2, the cost of coal is increased through carbon taxation and the effects of fuel switching are examined under the assumption that pollution control technologies are introduced from 2005 (this means the starting point of the environmental Kuznetz curve for emission reduction is 2005).

Scenario 5: Mixture of Policy Packages

The final policy package (Mixed Case) combines transport efficiency improvements, fuel switching and the accelerated introduction of clean technology. This involves a scenario based on the introduction of clean technology (Clean Case 2), a reduction in transportation energy demands (Transport Case 2) and fuel switching (Fuel Case 2).


Conclusion

It is estimated that emission levels of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in 2030 in the business-as-usual case will be about three times 1990 emission levels. Air pollution problems similar to those experienced in Japan in the 1970s have emerged in many developing Asian countries; atmospheric concentrations in some industrialised areas have already exceeded the critical level experienced in Japan in the 1970s when serious health damage was observed.

In the case of the accelerated introduction of clean technologies beginning in 2005, emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the Asia-Pacific region in 2030 would increase by only 6 per cent and 60 per cent respectively compared to 1990 levels. With the introduction of public mass transport systems, emission levels of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides would increase by 1.5 per cent and 45 per cent respectively compared to 1990 levels.

Considering regional energy resources and energy policies, one should consider various aspects of fuel switching. Among the various policy packages (except the mixed one), fuel switching with the accelerated introduction of clean technology is the most efficient in terms of reducing emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and suspended particulate matter. Sulphur dioxide emissions in 2030 would be reduced by 17 per cent compared to 1990 levels, while the emission of nitrogen oxides would increase by 40 per cent.

HUMAN CLONING

Legal scholars have argued that cloning may violate, for example, a child's "right to an open future." A child born as a genetic copy of another may feel undue pressure to become like or different from its progenitor. Yet a right to an open future is difficult to validate by common law or analogy to ethical analysis about parenthood. What is parenthood, after all, but the teaching of values and knowledge to children in an act of stewardship?

Perhaps children do not ever have fully open futures. Failing an absolute standard, society will have to find ways to reconcile differences among the many kinds and degrees of parental control and enhancement of children. While it is tempting to describe cloning as either a radical new form of parenting or as twinning, either analysis fails to take account of the need for new ways to integrate the problem of cloning into social institutions before it becomes an accepted form of reproductive medicine.

The use of somatic cell nuclear transfer for human cloning has not been proven safe and thus is unethical, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine says. Since the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1997, somatic cell nuclear transfer has been used to clone mice, cows, and other animals, and observers say that human cloning may not be far behind. (Sally Peters) "Any physician who participated in human cloning at this time would be doing human experimentation without the necessary first steps of successful trials in animals and approval from the appropriate institutional review board. This would be both unethical and unprofessional," Dr. Michael Soules, the society's president, said in a statement. The society added that its stance does not preclude research into the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer for treating disease.

2.0 Scientists and Ethicists Prediction

Cloning humans hasn't happened yet, but the idea of it is in the air. Most scientists and ethicists agree that it's just a matter of time.
Lee M. Silver, biologist at Princeton University and author of Remaking Eden, predicts that the first Cloned human will quietly make its way into the population, sneaking in when no one is looking.

(National Catholic Reporter)"Those who want to clone themselves or their children will not be impeded by governmental laws or regulations," he wrote. "The marketplace not government or society will control cloning. And if cloning is banned in one place, it will be made available somewhere else." Cloning, more than any other scientific procedure in bio-technology, raises the specter of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.

Some scientists, ethicists and theologians, though, willing to entertain cloning's potential, if limited, usefulness, suggest that it might serve to produce children for infertile couples or for couples who wanted to replace a lost child with her genetic twin. Cloning a person night, theoretically, also provide a compatible source of bone marrow or organs to help a sick sibling.

3.0 Human Cloning Benefit Mankind

(Current Science)Supporters of human cloning says, it could further the moral mission of medicine easing pain and prolonging life. What better example of that mission could there be than relieving the suffering of a family whose child's life wax cut short? and also say human cloning would expand the boundaries of reproductive choice. It would give infertile couples--those who are physically unable to reproduce another way to have children.

With cloning, infertile couples could have children.( Simon Smith) Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. One estimate is that current infertility treatments are less than 10 percent successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible.

Even if it were possible to make healthy human clones, opponents say, human cloning would still be immoral because of the distress it would inflict on clones and their families. Parents of a clone would expect the clone to look and behave just like its predecessor. Such an expectation would inevitably lead to disappointment and heartbreak. The parents would be unhappy with the way the clone turned out, and the clone would be unhappy trying to meet its parents' unrealistic expectations.

4.0 International Agreement To Ban Human Cloning

Officials from 19 European nations on January 12 signed an agreement banning human cloning. (Christian Century )"At a time when occasional voices are being raised to assert the acceptability of human cloning and even to put it more rapidly into practice, it is important for Europe to solemnly declare its determination to defend human dignity against the abuse of scientific techniques," said Daniel Tarchys, secretary general of the Council of Europe, which drew up the agreement.
The Council of Europe accord bars "any intervention seeking to create a human being genetically identical to another human being, whether living or dead." It rules out any exception to the ban, even in the case of sterile couples. Seed has said he believes his project will be able to help such couples by creating babies for them. The Council of Europe agreement will become part of the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine.

5.0 Health Defects

(Judy Jones)Cloning may cause long term health defects, a study by French scientists has suggested. A two month old calf, cloned from genes taken from the ear of an adult cow, died after developing blood and heart problems.

The cloning process seemed to have interfered with the normal genetic functioning of the developing calf, according to the researchers whose findings are reported in the Lancet (1999;353:1489-91).

It is likely to cast fresh doubts over the safety and efficacy of cloning, which has so far been controversial largely for its ethical dimension. The study could lend weight to warnings that any attempt to clone humans might carry considerable health risks.

6.0 Conclusion

Until recently, there were few ethical, social, or legal discussions about human cloning via nuclear transplantation, since the scientific consensus was that such a procedure was not biologically possible. With the appearance of Dolly, the situation has changed. But although it now seems more likely that human cloning will become feasible, we may doubt that the practice will come into widespread use.

Cloning offers remarkable insight into the power of creation that humanity has taken into its fold. One theological analysis holds that humans are co-creators with God, perhaps it is more accurate to say that humans are moving ever closer to a posture of making babies, rather having babies. Cloning represents a remarkable test of human restraint, wisdom and institutional development, one that will in many ways identify the moral features of 21st century biotechnology.

What is Your Name ?

Do you believe that your name will show who you are, how are you and what are you really like.Believe me that our name will show who we are. We just cannot hide it. Sometimes we forget that we bring the name we had everywhere we go. Don't forget people are calling you by the name you have. So, being yourself all the time is what it meant by having or carrying your name everywhere you go and whatever you do.Did you ever notice that those people that have the same name will act or the character they are having almost the same as other people with the same name ?

If you do not believe what i am writing here. Make a simple test with friends that have the same name......You will see the result. If you do it over 20 people, at least 5 of them will have the same character. Try now ! See it yourself !!!

help other people

Believe it or not ? On what topic ? Various topics need to be read and believe it could happened to you or other people. People who need money really badly like to snatch handbags especially women are the victims. Other people who see the incident might just watch it...........afraid to help...coz they don't know karate or tae kwan do....What a silly excuse. But if the victim is their family........." how dare you people just look at it as if it is a movie ?" Mad ???? It is reality. So the perception of all people ought to be changed.....how ??? There are so many ways. Need my idea ? Wait !

Everyone can give their own idea or opinion about anything. That goes to me.You like it or not, nowdays people are selfish, greddy and eager to get what they think good and important to them.Sometimes people including myself do not thinktwice if that thing necessary or worth it to us.For example, do you think you need to buy the latest handphone if you are only a student ? If you as an engineer yup. maybe you need it most. Know your BEST need before you start buying unnecessary things. It is better and more wiser if you give the extra money you have to the most needed people.....let say those children in Iraq,Palestine etc.